the restauration and the 18th century in england, Appunti di Letteratura Inglese

Scarica the restauration and the 18th century in england e più Appunti in PDF di Letteratura Inglese solo su Docsity! the restoration and the 18th century 1660-1785 Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660: It marked the return of Charles II as king (1660–85) following the period of Oliver Cromwell ’s Commonwealth. The bishops were restored to Parliament, which established a strict Anglican orthodoxy. The period, which also included the reign of James II (1685–88), was marked by an expansion in colonial trade, the Anglo-Dutch Wars, and a revival of drama and literature https://www.skuola.net/civilta-inglese/restoration-england.html https://elizabethanenglandlife.com/the-restoration-era.html#What_is_the_English_Restoratio n_Era_or_Restoration_Period ● 2 different periods that are connected ● the restoration of the monarchy in england, why → before the monarchy (Stuart dynasty) was restored england was a sort of republic ( commonwealth) with a civil war thorught the era ● before the restoration The Puritan Era was before the restoration era which was from 1649 to 1660. The restoration Era was followed by the 11 year period of Commonwealth during which the parliament was governed under the direction of Puritan General Oliver Cromwell. Following are the periods of the Interregnum ○ Commonwealth of England – From 1649 to 1653 ○ The Protectorate – From 1653 to 1658 ○ Second Protectorate – From 1658 to 1659 about the civil war 💡 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKlzAhkW1To ● 1642-1651 → struggle between 2 parties: king’s people and parliament (which used to consist of bishops)'s people. → cavaliers (aristocracy) supported the king, the roundhead 4 parl. ● 1642 charles got imprisoned by the roundhead, however the rest of the royal family was in France ● period interregnum : charles got beheaded and there was no monarch. during this period commonwealth got the power ● later the monarchy was restored, Cromwell, died 2 years before the restoration and was succeeded by the son who was weak → malcontent of the people, pressure → call back the king from france → 1660 charles II ● Charles the II was prtestant ● 1662 (act of uniformity of ritual → you could practise your religion only in the way they told you to if you did not accept: isolated, forced to leave, killed, converted. The puritans for example did not like these limits ) 1665 there was a limited freedom of religion ● Why were they excluded from society though? They were a danger for politics, riots that could end the monarchy. Main problem quindi: disorder, political and social problems ● after Charles IIm there was James II. he was a hated king. claimed the right to make his own laws without asking the parliament (eg. promoted catholics in a protestant/church of england) ● riots catholics vs protestants constantly an internal struggle ● MP = member of parliament ● people started to look for another king ( a dutch one) → political and religious connection. Holland was protestant. netherland were against the catholic country so it was good for the English + england and holland were military allay + blood connection between a dutch figure and the royal family in england ● William of Orange (king of UK from 1689-1702) marched to London and became the new monarch through a ‘bloodless’ revolution (easy one). what happened then: england became a place where the king collaborates with the parliament ● new policies: end absolutism of the monarch, toleration act ( given a limited freedom to religious minorities) ● Anne became queen following the death of William III (and II in Scotland), also known as William of Orange, ● international strive: European countries were colonising the world (age of discovery) but had some problems too. ● Successione spagnola→ tutti lottano, vince l’inghilterra ( asiento de negros ) → asiento de negros : trade contract to take african slaves from africa to the spanish colonies in america. Before the English, the dutch had the asiento. England became very rich. ● Anne died childless, we have then george I hannover (german ) ● During the Hanoverians there was a stable time Economy trade roots ● Africa, india… ● Rich and richer ● The layout of the country changes because with money you can build more and more things. → modern country with big cities. Population doubled (biggest: london and bristol) ● London: big, crowded and beautiful but also a city of contrast. -look pp- ● Filthy, ugly but modern and fascinating ● Society: divided society into 3 : gentle and the common people. Difference is just a matter of income. ● aristocrats vs workers + a the third part, which was made by businessmen, intellectuals, people who lived in the city and benefited from the city → middle class. Unlike the elite class it accepted social mobility ( poor people could become a bourgeois but only people who are born in aristocracy can become aristocrats) 📌 In fiction, an allegory is a story that can be interpreted as having a deeper moral or religious message . Christian allegory novels are books whose plots oftentimes mirror lessons that can be found in the Bible, or reflect the story of Jesus. ● Why and what the allegory: ○ In an allegory we have an image and a hidden meaning. ○ Meaning is usually abstract, it is not easy to grasp or understand the secret message ○ Metaphor ○ Some critics believe that an allegory is a structure made of symbols connected together with a hidden meaning ○ Eg. of allegories: divine comedy the fairy queen of edmund spencer, animal farm ○ Images denote a universal truth, which is abstract and it has to do with moral/religious/politics ecc ○ Images are arbitrary:, it means that the author is completely in control of the images that he uses to represent his concepts (he called the starting point the City of DIstraction but it could have been anything else) ○ There is a whole system of images and signs → u can build a world eg. dante ○ Allegory as a mode of writing+a mode of reading : the reader has to read the work with the right mind??? Otherwise you miss out the meaning ○ an allegory is much more complicated and is made up of symbols ○ symbols are often commonly established ○ in the allegory the symbols is interpreted by the author ● Language is very literary ● Characters are flat there is not a lot of development and they are kind of simple ● Contradiction between bunion the protestant and the allegory: an allegorical novel on a theological topic is problematic due to protestantism belief that any other thing that is not the bible shouldnt be used (protestan has the believer+bible and god whereas in the allegory has the chirstian+a author+an allegory+the bible+god). Puritan kind of dislike any visual representation too ● bunion still decided to write an allegorical novel although he was conscious of the contradiction ● The ethical meaning : an event can be interpreted as having moral meaning in it ● Anagogical meaning: when interpreting a passage with heavenly meaning connected to god . about heaven, god himself, eternity ● BUT WHY DOES HE WRITE IT? HOW CAN HE JUSTIFY IT: to reach a larger part of readers, he wanted to spread religious in a easier and concrete way, the reader can identify themselves with christian ● Mostly: the bible is very allegorical too! EG. when jesus tells the parables they are allegorical in order to teach ● Eg. Song of Songs ● the fact that the story is as a dream of the narrator is an allegory itself? The dream is not but the action of dream is ● The allegory of PP is told in a form of a dream They become signs either as words or images, but with an allegory you only deal with abstract notions because we have the universal truth to translate. However the novel or paintings are not real, but they are also an abstraction, theory is a rapèresentation of reality. Because everything is abstract, everything is worthless. A symbol is like a synecdoche 📎 SYNECDOCHE: figure of speech in which, most often, a part of something is used to refer to its whole. For example, "The captain commands one hundred sails" is a synecdoche that uses "sails" to refer to ships—ships being the thing of which a sail is a part. ● What is a pilgrim: is a quotation from the bible where st. Paul talks about strangers and pilgrims, Paul was thinking of faith who died before knowing christ. It is a first indication on how the work is connected to the bible already 󰴿 a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons. synonyms: worshipper, devotee, believer, traveller