Scarica La Dinastia Tudor e la Riforma Protestante in Inghilterra e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! THE TUDOR DYNASTY Henry Tudor defeated the last Yorkist, Richard III, in the Wars of the Roses and became King Henry VII in 1485. He was not a member of the royal family, so he needed to justify his new dynasty. Propaganda was written to support the Tudors. Shakespeare's play “Richard III” is a good example, making the Tudors look noble and the old royals look wicked (facendo sembrare nobili I Tudor e I malvagi I vecchi reali). This dynasty lasted only three generations, so all the Tudor monarchs were concerned with legitimacy and security (erano preoccupati per la legittimità). Henry VII restored the reputation of the monarch as the one who rules not the one who just reigns. During his reign, Henry VII worked hard to make sure that nobody opposed him as king. He didn't tolerate any treason (tradimento) or criticism and controlled what could be published. Henry VII also wanted to help the economy of England. He made good trade deals and supported the making of cloth. He also spent money on building ships, which not only helped with trading, but also made England stronger militarily. One important expedition he sponsored was led by John Cabot, which led to the discovery of the North American mainland. Overall, Henry VII wanted to rule with a strong hand, boost trade and industry, and make England a powerful naval force. Henry VII was succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. Henry VIII was the king of England who ruled during the Renaissance (rinascimento) period. He was known for his love of music and languages. The second half of his reign was dominated by the Reformation. During his reign, he dissolved many monasteries (scioglimento dei monasteri) which brought wealth to the crown. However, this wealth was wasted due to inflation (riduzione del valore della moneta) and spending on wars. Henry VIII had six wives but was mainly focused on getting a male heir. On Henry’s, his son, Edward, a scholarly, devout but sickly 9-year-old, became King as Edward VI before his older sisters. His uncle, became Lord Protector. During his rule, the most significant thing that happened was the Protestant Reformation. After his half sister, who was married to King Philip II of Spain, became Queen (known as Mary I), she was older and determined to rebuild connections with Rome and Spain. Her attempt was to return the country to Catholicism. Mary I earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" because of the number of Protestants that were burned for heresy during her reign. Elizabeth I became the ruler of England after her sister Mary. She was very popular among the people. One of her biggest accomplishments was settling the religious conflicts in the country. The Catholics didn't see her as the rightful ruler and preferred Mary Queen of Scots, which caused rebellions. But Elizabeth had spies who always discovered these rebellions. Elizabeth was well-educated and cultured, and her court was even more impressive than her father's. She skillfully managed the rivalry between France and Spain through diplomacy, sometimes using the idea of marriage as a strategic tool. Elizabeth tried to avoid war because it was expensive, but eventually, war broke out with Spain. The Spanish Armada was defeated by bad weather and because the English ships were better designed. After this victory, trade expanded even more, which made merchants and towns wealthier. During this time, England's exploration and overseas trade grew, making it a strong force in commerce and sailing. English sea-captains like Drake, Raleigh, and Hawkins became involved in piracy, which was secretly supported by Queen Elizabeth. She even received a portion of the profits. Parliament, which played a larger role in government due to laws regarding the Reformation, had many members who were strong Protestants and wanted more changes. However, Elizabeth stopped calling Parliament, which set the stage for future conflicts between the monarchy and Parliament under the Stuarts. THE REFORMATION (da Henry VIII a Elisabetta I come si evolsero le riforme nei vari anni di chi ha regnato) Before the break with Rome, there was a rise in anti-clericalism during the late Middle Ages. The intellectual movement of Humanism also played a role, as it promoted confidence in human reasoning, which went against medieval beliefs. The Protestant Reformation, sparked by Martin Luther in Germany and John Calvin in Switzerland, also contributed to this shift. Initially, Henry VIII didn't intend to turn England into a Protestant country. In fact, he received the title "Defender of the Faith" from the Pope for writing against Luther. However, Henry's desire for a male heir led to a conflict. His wife, Catherine of Aragon, couldn't provide him with a son due to her age, and Henry wanted to marry his mistress (amante), Anne Boleyn, who was pregnant. He asked the Pope Clement VII to declare his marriage, but the Pope refused to upset Catherine's powerful family. To marry Anne and have a legitimate heir, Henry created the Church of England and was then excommunicated by the Pope. Henry declared himself "Supreme Head of the Church" in England, by means of Act of Supremacy, in 1534. Sir Thomas More, who worked for the King, was executed because he disagreed with this decision. Parliament supported the break from Rome and also shut down religious groups like monks and friars. They
