ULRICH — TRANSLATING TEXTS, Sintesi del corso di Lingua Inglese

Scarica ULRICH — TRANSLATING TEXTS e più Sintesi del corso in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! ULRICH — TRANSLATING TEXTSPeople use words to communicate. A successful communication takes place when the purpose of the message is ENCODED effectively and DECODED appropriately. LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS: In a communication the participants must to be sure that the utterance [espressione] is transmitted and interpreted correctly by the receiver. J. Austin noted in 1962 some communicative force in addiction to convey meaning (significato espresso).She distinguished 3 kinds of acts that can be performed by an utterance : • the locution -> the formal, literal meaning of an utterance • the illocution -> the communicative force which accompanies the utterance • the perlocution -> effect of the utterance on actions, thoughts or beliefs of the addressee (hearer or reader) 6 categories to classify the speech act:- Representatives: acts which represent a state of affairs (Situazione); - Expressives : acts which give expression to the speaker's mental and emotional attitudetowards a state of affairs ( deploring, admiring)- Verdictives: acts which evaluate and relay (trasmettono) judgement; - Directives: acts which seek(cercano) to influence text receivers' behavior; - Commissives: acts which commit (affidano) the speaker to a course of action; - Declaration: acts whose utterance performs the action involved. ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP ANY ACT OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION (Jacobson) • the addresser is the person who originates the message; • the addressee is the person to whom the message is addressed; • the context is the setting in which the communicative act takes place (the social / physical context). A number of different labels [etichette] have been given to them by Jacobson: • the emotive function expresses the inner states and emotions of the addresser. It is often expressed through the use of interjections (“Great!" “Oh dear"); • the conative function seeks to affect [colpire] the inner states and emotions of the addressee; it is often used the imperative or the vocative (Come into the garden, Maud!); • the referential function carries the extralinguistic information content, it is centered on objects and events in the context; • the poetic function is the particular form chosen for the message and it is also called the aesthetic function. LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS AND TEXT TYPES/ DISCOURSE GENRES Classifying a source text into a type or genre. Text are generally multifunctional in that fulfill (eseguono) various functions, but one of this functions can generally be seen to predominate. The most important and used functions are: the emotive, referential and conative functions (by Jackbson) - The emotive or expressive function is author-centered; it focuses on the author's feelings. - The referential of informative function is content-centered; it focuses on the information carried. - The conative function is reader-centered, the aim is to affect the reader's behavior in some way. We can find it in propaganda and polemical and persuasive writing. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES There are three different types of translating.: -An expressive text, an informative text and a vocative text. --> - The poetic or aesthetic function : it is not restricted to literary language, but can be extended to all forms of discourse when the FORM OF MESSAGE is as important as the message itself. - The phatic function includes [prevede] establishing contact for social reasons. - The metalingual function that is the ability of a language to talk about itself does not pose too much importance to the translation. In each text, there is only a predominant rhetorical function which is predominant. The others are only subsidiary functions to the main one. The predominant function of a text is called the dominant contextual focus. There are different types of text: - EXPOSITORY TEXT->descriptives text, focuses on relations in space and narrative text, focuses on relations in time. -ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT-> focuses on relations between concepts. -INSTRUCTIVE TEXT-> focuses on the future behaviour of either the addresser or the addressee. CONTEXT, CO-TEXT AND CONTEXT OF SITUATION Another important thing is the context. Context is a source of meaning, it gives the hearer or reader a frame within which to interpret what has been written. We can distinguish between the co-text, the linguistic context and the context of situation. EX: "ALT" can be translated into "HALT" if it is said by a soldier standing guard; into "STOP" if it is on a sign on the roadside. The co-text/context of situation distinction was first made by Malinowski. CONTEXT OF CULTURE: It can be considered as all aspects of human life that are socially conditioned. Culture conditions of people's behavior is reflected in the language they speak. Any meaning can be conveyed from one language to another, so any kind of translation is possible. However there are also words or expressions that are linked to the patterns and may not have a counterpart in the other language. So, translators need to be not only expert in two languages but also familiar with two cultures CONTEXT OF SITUATION Communication involves not only linguistic competence but also the ability to use and interpret language in relation to the social context-->the communicative competence. Ex: the Italian "Prego" can be translated into different ways: for example as a polite reply to "grazie" with the English term "you're welcome" or "not at all"; it can also mean "here you are" or it can be a gesture of politeness with the meaning of "after you". REGISTER The variables of a language event can be looked at in terms of Hallyday's register. There is a relationship between a given situation and the language used in it. Register is related to the use of language, put in a